Stem and Leaf Plot

http://www.eduplace.com/math/mhm/5/06a/index.html
Stem and Leaf Plots are used to display large amounts of data an a easy to digest format. In the above example the data consists of family members at a reunion identified by age. The plot is broken dow into its stem and leaf based on first and last digit of of the age. from this it becomes easier to identify where there are clusters in ages and what the ranges are within each cluster.

Box Plot

http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/boxplot.htm
Box Plots are used to compare the distribution of separate data sets to each other while also being able to identify the median value, range, and outliers.

Histogram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram
Histograms are used typically in statistics to analyze the distribution of data. Histograms are on way interpreters can identify any anomalies or irregularities is the data.

Parallel Coordinate Graph

http://secviz.org/content/firewall-graph-using-parallel-coordinates
Parallel Coordinate Graphs are used to display information with numerous variables. Useful for displaying complex sets of data with numerous relationships to be considered.

Triangular Plot

http://www.improving-visualisation.org/vis/id=241
Triangle plots are used to show the relationship between three types of data in which all three types of data contribute to a uniform whole amount. For example the above plot compares three components of soil composition.

Windrose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Offshore_wind_rose_sample.JPG
Windroses are used primarily by meteorologists to depict how wind speed and direction are distributed from a particular point.

Climograph

http://www2.volstate.edu/kbell/climographs.htm
Climographs are used to display general information regarding climate factors such as precipitation and temperatureover a period of time.

Population Profile

http://www.ifad.org/operations/regional/pf/aids_1.htm
Population profiles are charts that divide the population by age and gender, Population profile can also be used to analyze another variable such as above with the number of a population with and with out aids. Population profiles are useful when predicting population growth or decline rates.

Scatterplot

http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/scatterp.htm
Scatterplots are use to illustrate relationships between two different variables. Once all of the data is plotted the information can be analyzed to determine what if any relationship or effect one variable has on the other.

Index Value Plot

http://www.drroyspencer.com/2009/12/
Index Value plots show how data points fit on a scale of measurable indexed values.

Lorenz Curve

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_curve
Lorenz Curves are used to illustrate inequality of distribution of income within a stated economic system.The line of equality is represent by the 45 Degree line the further away from the line the more the distribution is unequal.

Bilateral Graph

http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/department/041005_csiro_climate_science_meeting.html
Bilateral graphs are used to display information that represent both positive and negative values. Another way to look at Bilateral graphs is that they are used to show both increases and decreases from a baseline value.

Nominal Choropleth Map

http://andrewgelman.com/2007/10/some_cool_graph/
Nominal Choropleth maps display information regarding qualitative data versus quantitative data.

Unstandardized Choropleth

http://morristsai.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-search.cgi?search=Bush&IncludeBlogs=1&limit=10&page=2
Unstandardized Choropleth maps use numbers that are not calculated but used as is from their initial point of collection and thus does not provide detailed information about the average dispersion of the data results in each area.

Standardized Choropleth Map

http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/popden.html
Standardized Choropleth maps are similar to other Choropleth maps except that they are used typically to represent the population density of an area. Note that population is not limited to just people but also plants, animals, insects, types of households, and a variety of other options.

Univariate Chorpleth

http://www.personal.psu.edu/clw300/586_Project_8.html
Univariate Choropleth maps utilize a single set of data and then uses color coding to illustrate differences in the data results in the various areas of the map.

Bivariate Chorpleth Map

http://mapyoda.wordpress.com/
Bivariate Choropleth Maps utilize two different sets of data and two different methods of displaying them on a map to compare different data sets and show correlations or lack of correlations between different said data sets.

Unclassed Choropleth

http://blog.thematicmapping.org/2008_06_01_archive.html
Unclassed Choropleth maps use color values on a spectrum range to indicate data value differences for various regions. Unlike Classed Choropleth specific values are not used thus allowing a a less limited representation of differences in data values.

Classed Choropleth

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/
Classed Choropleth maps show differences in a specific set of data through the use of color coding.

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/book/export/html/1553
Range graded proportional circle maps use circles with a specific set value and size and only uses the range listed on the graph.

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-004-03/
Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Maps utilize circles of varying sizes to indicate the proportion of data represented in comparison to various area referenced on the map. In this example the circles represent river width and navigability.

DOQQ Map

http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/gis/doqq.html
DOQQ or Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads are aerial photographs taking using equipment that captures infrared light.

DEM Map

http://tahoe.usgs.gov/DEM.html
DEM or Digital Elevation Maps are 3D representations of a surface. These maps are created through the use of contour line maps and USGS quadrangle maps.

DLG Map

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/domier/index.html
DLG or Digital Line Graphs are derived from planimetric, topographic, and aerial photographic maps. DLG maps are created by using a variety of  manual and automated GIS methods.

DRG Map

http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs08801.html
DRG or Digital Raster Maps are scanned images of U.S.Geological Survey topographic maps.

Isopleth Map

http://www.harappadna.org/2011/03/isopleths/
Isopleths use contours to show concentration of objects or materials in a area. While sometimes used for geological purposes on reporting the thickness or concentration of minerals isopleths can also be used to in archeological settings to report on the concentration of artifacts found in a specific area.

Isopach Map

http://www.windsornygaslease.com/geology.html
Isopach maps are used in geology to illustrate thickness of a specific formation over an area.

Isohyet Map

http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/madison/9-27-1995.html
Isohyets are lines on a map used to represent rainfall in an area. Used typically in reports about storms and climate data.

Isotach Maps

http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=basic-fronts
Isotach maps use lines that represent equal wind speed and are used in conjunction with Isobar maps for weather forecasting.

Isobar Map

http://www.theweatherclub.org.uk/news/article/looking-ahead
Isobar maps consist of lines that represent areas of the same atmospheric pressure. These maps are used for weather forecasting and showing location and progression of high and low pressure systems.

LIDAR Map

http://www.lidarbasemaps.org/
LIDAR maps are generated through the use of laser based imagery. LIDAR maps can provide exceptionally detailed representations of the earths surface.

Doppler Radar Map

http://4warnwxteam.com/2011/04/26/a-brief-explanation-of-how-doppler-radar-works/
Doppler Radar maps are used to depict the velocity of objects at a distance. These maps are used primarily for weather forecasting.

Black & White Aerial Map

http://jhlab.wordpress.com/2010/09/
Aerial Black and White Photos are useful in mapping as they can accurately capture surface features relating to structure and travel-able paths that people may use.

Aerial Infrared Map

http://www.aerialarchives.com/Infrared-Aerial-Photography.htm
Aerial Infrared maps are obtained by taking a infrared photo using special cameras. Infrared maps are useful for noting environmental changes, insect migration, roofing damage, etc.

Cartographic Animation

http://maps.unomaha.edu/mp/Articles/GISLIS/VisAnim.html
Cartographic Animations can be used to convey changes or trend patterns over a period of time for the same area or region.

Statistical Maps

http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/census.html
Statistical maps are used to convey information about statistical data by overlaying thematic elements such as color coding or by using other symbols and keys to convey differences in the data based on each region.

Cartogram

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/cartograms/
Cartograms are typically used to depict population but can also be used to display other ratios of information such as spending rates, mortality rates, and consumption rates.

Flow Map

http://www.nhcs.k12.nc.us/parsley/Curriculum/ThinkingMaps.html
Flow maps are used to show the order or process of an event and the relationships of the stages in the process.

Isolines Map

http://regentsprep.org/regents/earthsci/units/mapping/topographic.cfm
Isoline maps are used to represent a three dimensional model on a two dimensional scale. This is done by connecting point of the same value using continuous lines.

Proportional Circle Map

http://www.environmentamerica.org/news/ame/new-report-ranks-states-and-power-plants-mercury-pollution
Proportional Circle Maps use circles to represent different data values or ranges of data values.

Choropleth Map

http://courses.washington.edu/info424/Labs/ChoroplethMap.html
Choropleth Maps are used to describe measurement differences across regions using a color coded system similar to thematic maps.

Dot Distribution Map

http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~ziehr/virtual/human_wg/agric/guided.html
Dot distribution maps used dots to show the occurrence of an anomaly and rely on the visual scattering to illustrate concentration or lack thereof of the anomaly.

Propaganda Map

http://www.historum.com/general-history/9905-propaganda-maps.html
Propaganda maps are typically used to sway its audience towards a specific opinion of the area depicted. It is speculated that this map was created to change the impression of how Korea was viewed.

Hypsometric Map

http://www.personal.psu.edu/cab38/GEOG321/14_multivariate02/multivariate.html
Hypsometric maps are used to illustrate differences in elevation by using tints and shading of colors.

PLSS Map

http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/GeographicInfo/Publications/adjudica.htm
PLSS of Public Land Survey System maps are used to illustrate the subdivisions and describe land in the US.

Cadastral Maps

http://www.cfma.co.nz/
Cadastral maps show the specific boundaries and land ownership. This map depicts the land ownership boundaries for the Borough of Queenstown.

Thematic Maps

http://soils.usda.gov/use/thematic/moist_regimes.html
This thematic map illustrates the different soil moisture regimes across the United States. The different regimes are illustrated through the use of color coding.

Topographic Map

http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/topographic_maps.html
This map can be considered a topographic map because this map illustrates the changes in elevation through the use of lines to indicate the change in elevation.

Planimetric Map

http://www.webs1.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/Chapters/roadwaydesign/theoryandconcepts/SurveysAndMaps.htm
This is a planimetric map. This can be considered a planimetric map because by definition planimetric maps show only horizontal layouts of the area they cover.

Mental Map

http://www.fvdmenterprises.co.za/Concepts%20of%20Visualisation.htm
This is a Mental Map based on the concept of visualization. This can be considered a mental map because mental map depict how ideas can connect to other ideas and actions.